|
Ahmadi Muslims have been subject to various forms of religious persecution and discrimination since the movement's inception in 1889. The Ahmadiyya stream of Islam emerged from the Sunni tradition of Islam and its adherents believe in all the five pillars and articles of faith required of Muslims.〔("The Ahmadi Muslim Community. Who are the Ahmadi Muslims and what do they believe? Waqar Ahmad Ahmedi gives a brief introduction to the Ahmadi branch of Islam." ) ''Times Online''. 27 May 2008.〕 Ahmadis are considered non-Muslims by the mainstream Muslims since they consider Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, founder of Ahmadiyya, as the promised Mahdi and Messiah. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad claimed to be the Mujaddid (divine reformer) of the 14th Islamic century, the promised Messiah and Mahdi awaited by Muslims. These claims are rejected by mainstream Muslims. The Ahmadis are active translators of the Qur'an and proselytizers for the faith; converts to Islam in many parts of the world first discover Islam through the Ahmadis. However, in a number of Islamic countries, especially Sunni-dominated nations, Ahmadis have been considered heretics and non-Muslim, and subjected to persecution and systematic oppression.〔〔("Localising Diaspora: the Ahmadi Muslims and the problem of multi-sited ethnography". ) Association of Social Anthropologists, 2004 conference panel.〕 Ahmadis are declared as non-Muslims and further deprived of religious rights in the Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan and Ordinance XX. Hundreds of Ahmadis were killed in 1953 Lahore riots, 1974 Anti-Ahmadiyya riots and May 2010 attacks on Ahmadi mosques in Lahore. 1974 riots were the largest killings of Ahmadis. ==Pakistan== With 5 million Ahmadis in Pakistan, persecution of Ahmadis has been particularly severe and systematic in Pakistan, which is the only state to have officially declared the Ahmadis non-Muslims.〔 Here they are prohibited by law from self-identifying as Muslims, and their freedom of religion has been curtailed by a series of ordinances, acts and constitutional amendments.〔Khan, Naveeda. ("Trespasses of the State: Ministering to Theological Dilemmas through the Copyright/Trademark" ). Sarai Reader 2005: Bare Acts. p. 184.〕 In applying for a Pakistani passport, Pakistanis are required to declare that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad is an impostor prophet and that his followers are non-Muslims.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=BBC News - Why Pakistan's Ahmadi community is officially detested )〕 As a result, persecution and hate-related incidents are constantly reported from different parts of the country, and Ahmadis have been the target of many attacks led by various religious groups.〔("Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan: An Analysis Under International Law and International Relations". ) ''Harvard Human Rights Journal'', Vol 16, September 2003. ("Eight die in Pakistan sect attack" ), BBC News ("Sect offices closed in Pakistan" ), BBC News〕 ''Madrasahs'' of all sects of Islam in Pakistan prescribe reading materials for their students specifically targeted at refuting Ahmadiyya beliefs.〔Rahman, Tariq. ("Denizens of Alien Worlds: A Survey of the Education System of Pakistan". ) Contemporary South Asia, 2004. p. 15.〕 As a result of the cultural implications of the laws and constitutional amendments regarding Ahmadis in Pakistan, persecution and hate-related incidents are constantly reported from different parts of the country. Ahmadis have been the target of many attacks led by various religious groups.〔(Persecution of the Ahmadiyya Community in Pakistan: An Analysis Under International Law and International Relations ) ''Harvard Human Rights Journal'', Vol 16, September 2003 ("Eight die in Pakistan sect attack" ), BBC News ("Sect offices closed in Pakistan" ), BBC News〕 All religious seminaries and madrasahs in Pakistan, belonging to different sects of Islam, have prescribed essential reading materials specifically targeted at refuting Ahmadiyya beliefs.〔(Denizens of Alien Worlds. T Rahman – Contemporary South Asia, 2004. A Survey of the Education System of Pakistan ), by Tariq Rahman, page 15.〕 In a recent survey in Pakistan, pupils in private schools of Pakistan expressed their opinions on religious tolerance in the country. The figures assembled in the study reflect that even in the educated classes of Pakistan, Ahmadis are considered the least deserving minority in terms of equal opportunities and civil rights. In the same study, the teachers in these elite schools showed an even lower amount of tolerance towards Ahmadis than their pupils.〔(Peace and Democracy in South Asia ), Volume 1, Number 1, January 2005. Passports to Privilege: The English-Medium Schools In Pakistan, Tariq Rahman.〕 Another example is Abdus Salam, the only recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics who identified as a Muslim. Because of his allegiance to the Ahmadiyya sect, he has been ignored and excommunicated. There are no monuments or universities named after him. The word "Muslim" has been erased from his grave stone. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Persecution of Ahmadis」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|